Select Bibliography on African American History

The above pictures are from the Aaron Douglas (1899-1979), a native of Topeka who graduated from Topeka High in 1917 and was instrumental in the Harlem Renaissance.

Alford, Terry. Prince Among Slaves. New York: Oxford, 1977.

Allen, Robert L. The Port Chicago Mutiny. New York: Amistad, 1989.

Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York: Columbia University Press, 1943.

       . Nat Turner’s Slave Rebellion. New York: Grove Press, 1966.

Arsenault, Raymond. The Wild Ass of the Ozarks: Jeff Davis and the Social Bases of Southern  Politics. Nashville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.

Ashmore, Harry S. Civil Rights and Wrongs: A Memoir of Race and Politics, 1944-1994. New York: Pantheon, 1994.

        . The Negro and the Schools. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954.

Ayers, Edward L. Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19^th Century South. New York: Norton, 1984.

        . The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction. New York: Oxford, 1992.

 ___. Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-Century American South. New York: W.W. Norton, 1984.

 Baker, William J. Jesse Owens: An American Life. New York: Free Press, 1986.

 Ball, Edward. Slaves in the Family. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.

Ball, Howard. Murder in Mississippi: United States v. Price and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Lawrence: Kansas, 2004.

___. Justice in Mississippi: The Murder Trial of Edgar Ray Killen. Lawrence: Kansas, 2006.

Bates, Beth Tompkins. Pullman Porters and the Rise of Protest Politics in Black America, 1925-1945. Chapel Hill: North Carolina, 2001.

 Bell, Madison Smart. All Souls’ Rising. New York: Pantheon, 1995.

 ____. Masters of the Crossroads. New York: Pantheon, 2000.

 ____. The Stone that the Builder Refused. New York: Pantheon, 2004.

 Bell, Malcolm Jr. Major Butler’s Legacy: Five Generations of a Slaveholding Family. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.

Bennett, David H. The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

 Berlin, Ira. Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: Pantheon, 1974.

        . Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge:  Harvard University Press, 1998.

 Berlin, Ira, Faureau, and Miller, Steve, eds. Remembering Slavery. New York: New Press, 1998.

Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and  Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford, 1990.

Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Ante-Bellum South. New  York: Oxford, 1972.

Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge: Harvard/Belknap, 2001.

 Blee, Kathleen M. Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991.

Blesser, Carol. Secret and Sacred: The Diaries of James Henry Hammond. New York: Oxford, 1988.

        . The Hammonds of Redcliffe. New York: Oxford, 1980.

 Botkin, B. A., ed. Lay My Burden Down. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1945.

Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age. New York: Holt, 2004.

 Branch, Tyler. Parting The Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

        . Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963-1965. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998.

Brophy, Alfred L. Reconstructing the Dream: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation. New York: Oxford, 2002.

 Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power; A Black Woman’s Story. New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1993.

 Burk, Robert Frederick. The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights. Nashville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.

Cagin, Seth and Dray, Philip. We Are Not Afraid: The Story of Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney and the Civil Rights Campaign for Mississippi. New York: Bantam, 1988.

 Cairnes, John Elliot. The Slave Power. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.

 Capeci, Dominic J., Jr. The Lynching of Cleo Wright. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press,   1998.

 Cash, Wilbur Joseph. The Mind of the South. New York: Vintage, 1941.

 Carson, Clayborne. In The Struggle: SNCC and The Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.

 Carter, Dan T. Scottsboro Boys: A Tragedy of the American South. New York: Oxford, 1969.

 Carter, Stephen L. Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.

Chafe, William H., et. al., eds. Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South. New York: The New Press, 2001.

 Chalmers, David M. Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1965.

 Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. New York: Dell, 1968.

 Cornish, Dudley Taylor. The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army. New York: Norton, 1956.

Close, Ellis. The Rage of a Privileged Class. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

Cottrol, Robert J. et. al. Brown v. Board of Education: Caste, Culture, and the Constitution. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2003,

 Cox, Thomas. Blacks In Topeka: A Social History, 1865-1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

 Cronon, E. David. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Negro Improvement Association. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955.

 Curriden, Mark and Leroy Phillips, Jr. Contempt of Court: The Turn of the Century Lynching that Launched a Hundred Years of Federalism. New York: Random House, 1999.

 Dailey, Jane, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, eds. Jumpin’ Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Davidson, Osha Gray. The Best of Enemies: Race and Redemption in the New South. New York: Scribner, 1996.

 Davis, Townsend. Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998.

 Degler, Carl. The Other South: Southern Dissenters in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.

 Delany, Sarah and Delany, A. Elizabeth. Having Our Say: The Delany Sisters’ First 100 Years: New York: Kodansha International, 1993.

Deyle, Steven. Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. New York: Oxford, 2005.

 D’Orso, Michael. Like Judgement Day: The Ruin and Redemption of a Town Called Rosewood. New York: G. P Putnam’s Sons, 1996.

 Douglass, Frederick. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. New York: Collier, 1962.

 Doyle, William. An American Insurrection: James Meredith and the Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. New York: Random House, 2001.

Dray, Philip. At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America. New York: Random House, 2002.

Duberman, William. Paul Robeson. New York: Knopf, 1988.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folks. New York: Bantam, 1903/1989.

Duster, Alfreda M., ed. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Egerton, Douglas R. Gabriel’s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802. Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1993.

 Egerton, John. Speak Now Against The Day: The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement  in the South. New York: Knopf, 1994.

 Elkins, Stanely. Slavery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.

 Ellsworth, Scott. Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

Eubanks, W. Ralph. Ever is a Long Time: A Journey into Mississippi's Dark Past. New York: BasicBooks, 2003.

 Evans, W. McKee. Ballots and Fence Rails: Reconstruction on the Lower Cape Fear. New York: Norton, 1966.

 Feagin, John R. and Sikes, Melvin P. Living With Racism: The Black Middle Class Experience. Boston: Beacon, 1994.

 Fedo, Michael. The Lynchings in Duluth. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2000.

 Filler, Louis. Crusade Against Slavery. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.

Fireside, Harvey. Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision that Legalized Racism. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2004.

 Fogel, Robert William. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery. New York: Norton, 1989.

 Fogel, Robert William and Engerman, Stanley L. Time on the Cross: Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.

 Foner, Eric. Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983.

 Foster, Gaines M. Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South. New York: Oxford, 1987.

 Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

 Franklin, John Hope and Moss, Alfred A. Jr. From Slavery to Freedom. 6^th Edition. New York: Knopf, 1988.

 Fredrickson, George M. The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives of Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1988.

 Freehling, William W. The Reintegration of American History: Slavery and the Civil War. New York: Oxford, 1994.

 French, Albert. Billy. New York: Viking, 1993.

Fry, Gladys-Marie. Night Riders in Black Folk History. Chapel Hill: North Carolina, 1975.

 Funderburg, Lise. Black, White, Other: Biracial Americans Talk about Race and Identity. New York: Morrow, 1994.

 Garrow, David J. Bearing The Cross: Martin Luther King and the Southern Leadership Conference. New York: Random House, 1986.

 Gatewood, Willard B. Aristocrats of Color: Black Elites, 1880-1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

 Genovese, Eugene D. Roll Jordan, Roll: The World The Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon, 1970.

        . The World The Slaveholders Made. New York: Vintage, 1970.

       . The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in Society of the Slave South. New York: Vintage, 1961.

       . In Red and Black: Marxian Explorations in Southern and Afro-American History. New  York: Vintage, 1968.

        . From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.

Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. New York: Free Press, 1990.

Goff, Stanely and Sanders, Robert. Brothers in Arms: Black Soldiers in the Nam. Novato, CA:  Presidio Press, 1982.

 Goodman, James. Stories of Scottsboro. New York: Pantheon, 1994.

 Graham, Hugh Davis. The Civil Rights Era: Origins of Development of National Policy. New York: Oxford, 1990.

 Greenberg, Jack. Crusaders in the Courts. New York: Basic Books, 1994.

 Griffin, John H. Black Like Me. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.

 Guinier, Lani. The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in a Representative Democracy. New York: Free Press, 1994.

 Hacker, Andrew. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York: Free Press, 1992.

 Hair, William Ivy. Carnival of Race: Robert Charles and the New Orleans Race of 1900. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976.

 Haizlip, Shirlee Taylor. The Sweeter The Juice: A Family Memoir in Black and White. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.

 Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940. New York: Pantheon, 1998

 Harris, William H. Keeping the Faith: A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster, and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925-1937. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.

Haynes, Robert V. A Night of Violence: The Houston Riot of 1917. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University  Press, 1975.

Haywood, Henry. Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist. Chicago: Liberator Press, 1978.

 Hendrickson, Paul. Sons of Mississippi. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003.

 Hemphill, Paul. Leaving Birmingham: Notes of a Native Son. New York; Penguin, 1993.

 Higginson, Thomas Wentworth. Army Life in a Black Regiment. New York: Norton, 1984.

 Hirshon, Stanley P. Farewell to the Bloody Shirt: Northern Republicans and the Southern Negro. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1962.

 Horwitz, Tony. Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War. New York: Vintage, 1998.

 Huckaby, Elizabeth. Crisis at Central High: Little Rock 1957-1958. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980.

Huffman, Alan. Mississippi in Africa. New York: Gotham Books, 2004.

Irons, Peter. Jim Crow’s Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision. New York: Viking, 2002.

Jackson, Kenneth T. The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1930. New York: Oxford, 1967.

Jones, Howard. Mutiny on the Armistad. New York: Oxford, 1987.

Jones, James. Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: Free Press, 1981.

Johnson, Guy. Standing at the Scratch Line: A Novel. New York: Random House, 1998.

Jordan, William C. Black Newspapers and America's War for Democracy, 1914-1920. Chapel Hill: North Carolina, 2001.

Jordan, Winthrop D. White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill: North Carolina University Press, 1968.

        . The Whiteman’s Burden: Historical Origins of Racism in the United States. New York: Oxford, 1974.

        . Tumult And Silence at Second Creek: An Inquiry into a Civil War Slave Conspiracy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.

Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford, 2004.

 Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality. New York: Knopf, 1976.

 Lamson, Peggy. The Glorious Failure: Black Congressman Robert Brown and Reconstruction in South Carolina. New York: Norton, 1973.

Larsen, Nella. Passing. New York: Penguin/Alfred A. Knopf, 1929/1997.

Lebsock, Suzanne. A Murder in Virginia: Southern Justice on Trial. New York: W. W. Norton, 2003.

Lewis, David Levering. When Harlem Was In Vogue. New York: Oxford, 1979.

       . W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography of a Race. New York: Henry Holt, 1993.

Lewis, John. Walking With The Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. New York: Simon and       Schuster, 1998.

Litwack, Leon F. Been In The Storm Too Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Vintage, 1979.

       . Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Knopf, 1998.

Lofgren, Charles A. The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation. New York: Oxford,   1987.

Lutholtz, M. William. Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1993.

McAdam, Doug. Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford, 1988.

McFeely, William S. Frederick Douglas. New York; Norton, 1991.

McGill, Ralph. The South and the Southerner. Boston: Atlantic, Little, Brown, 1959.

MacLean, Nancy. Behind The Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan. New York: Oxford, 1994.

McMurry, Linda O. To Keep the Waters Troubled: The Life of Ida B. Wells. New York: Oxford, 1998.

McPherson, James M. The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and The Negro in the Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964.

Madigan, Tim. The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001.

Madison, James H. A Lynching in the Heartland: Race and Memory in America. New York: Palgrave/St. Martin’s Press, 2001.

Marszalek, John F. Assault at West Point: The Court Martial of Johnson Whittaker. New York: Scribner’s 1972. 

Mayer, Henry. All On Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery. New York:  St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Mead, Chris. Champion: Joe Louis, Black Hero in White America. New York: Penguin, 1985.

Meier, August.  Negro Thought In America, 1880-1915. New York: Oxford, 1963.

Melanson, Philip H. The Murkin Conspiracy: An Investigation into the Assassination of Dr.   Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Praeger, 1989.

Mellon, Andrew, ed. Bullwhip Days, The Slaves Remember: An Oral History. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.

Metress, Christopher, ed. The Lynching of Emmett Till: A Documentary Narrative. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003.

Miller, John C. The Wolf By The Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery. New York: New American Library, 1977.

Miller, William Lee. Arguing About Slavery: John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United State Congress. New York: Vintage, 1995.

Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. New York: Dell, 1968.

Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Morris, Willie. The Ghosts of Medgar Evers: A Tale of Race, Murder, Mississippi, and Hollywood. New York: 1998.

Nalty, Bernard C. Strength For The Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. New York: Free Press, 1986.

Nelson, Jill. Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience. Chicago: The Noble Press, 1993.

Nossiter, Adam. Of Long Memory: Mississippi and the Murder of Medgar Evers. New York: Addison Wesely, 1994.

Oakes, James. The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders. New York: Vintage, 1982.

        . Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South. New York: Knopf, 1990.

Oates, Stephen B. The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion. New York: Harper and Row, 1975.

O’Reilly, Kenneth. “Radical Matters”: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972. New York: Free Press, 1989.

____. Nixon’s Piano: President’s and Racial Politics from Washington to Clinton. New York: Free Press, 1995.

Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstrution. New York: Knopf, 1976.

       . The Narrative of Hosea Hudson: The Life and Times of a Black Radical. New York: Norton, 1993.

            Patterson, James T. Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. New York: Oxford, 2001.

Patterson, Orlando. The Ordeal of Integration: Progress and Resentment in America’s “Racial” Crisis. Washington: Civitas/Counterpoint, 1997.

        . Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries. Washington: Civitas/Counterpoint, 1998.

Patler, Nicholas. Jim Crow and the Wilson Administration: Protesting Federal Segregation in the Early Twentieth Century. Boulder:  Colorado, 2004.

 Pearson, Hugh. The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994.

 Phillips, Ulrich B. American Negro Slavery. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.

        . Life and Labor in the Old South. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929.

 Powledge, Fred. Free At Last?: The Civil Rights Movement and the People Who Made It. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991.

 Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro In The Civil War. New York: De Capo, 1953.

 Rabinowitz, Howard N. Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890. New York: Oxford,   1978.

 Raper, Arthur F. The Tragedy of Lynching. New York: Dover, 1970.

 Rawley. James A. Race and Politics: “Bleeding Kansas” and the Coming of the Civil War. New York:  Lippincott, 1968.

 Roark, James L. Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Norton, 1977.

Roberts, Gene and Hank Klibanoff. The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation. New York: Knopf, 2006.

 Roberts, Randy. Papa Jack: Jack Johnson and the Era of White Hopes. New York: Free Press, 1983.

 Robinson, Robert. Black on Red: My 44 Years Inside the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Acropolis, 1988.

 Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal For Freedom: The Port Royal Experiment. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964.

Rosengarten, Theodore. Tombee: Portrait of a Cotton Planter. New York: Morrow, 1986.

Rothman, Joshua D. Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families Across the Color Line in Virginia 1787-1861. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

 Rudwick, Elliot M. Race Riot at East St. Louis July 2, 1917. New York: World, 1960.

 Sandler, Stanley. Segregated Skies: All-Black Combat Squadrons of World War II. Washington: Smithsonian, 1992.

 Schechter, Patricia A. Ida B. Well-Barnett and American Reform 1880-1930. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.

Scott, William R. The Sons of Sheba’s Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1993.

Senechal, Roberta. The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot: Springfield, Illinois in 1908. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.

Simpkins, Francis Butler. Pitchfork Ben Tillman. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,  1944.

 Smead, Howard. Blood Justice: The Lynching of Mack Charles Parker. New York: Oxford, 1986.

 Smith, J. Douglas. Managing White Supremacy: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

 Smith, Lillian. Killers of the Dream. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994.

 Sowell, Thomas. Race and Culture: A World View. New York: Basic Books, 1994.

 Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. New York: Vintage, 1956.

 Sternsher, Bernard, ed. The Negro in Depression and War. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1969.

 Stauffer, John. The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race. Cambridge: Harvard, 2002.

Steinhorn, Leonard and Barbara Diggs-Brown. By the Color of Our Skin: The Illusion of Integration and the Reality of Race. New York: Plume, 2000.

 Styron, William. The Confessions of Nat Turner: A Novel. New York: Random House, 1968.

 Sydnor, Charles S. the Development of Southern Nationalism 1819-1948. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948.

 Temple-Raston, Dina. A Death in Texas: A Story of Race, Murder, and a Small Town's Struggle for Redemption. New York: Holt, 2002.

 Terkel, Studs. Race: The American Obsession. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

 Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440-1870. New York:  Simon and Schuster, 1998.

Tolnay, Stewart E. and E. M. Beck. A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930. Champaign: Illionois, 1992.

Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

Ture, Kwame and Hamilton, Charles. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. New York: Vintage, 1967.

Tushnet, Mark V. The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education, 1925-1950. Chapel Hill: North Carolina, 1987.

Tuttle, William M., Jr. Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. New York: Atheneum,  1970.

Tye, Larry. Rising from the Rails: Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class. New York: Henry Holt, 2004.

 Vollers, Maryanne. Ghosts of Mississippi: The Murder of Medgar Everns, The Trials of Byron De La Beckwith, and the Haunting of the New South. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994.

 Von Frank, Albert J. The Trials of Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emerson’s Boston. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.

 Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Oxford, 1987.

 Wade, Rex. Slavery in the Cities: The South, 1820-1860. New York: Oxford, 1969.

 Waldrep, Christopher. The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal Violence and Punishment in America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002.

 Ward, Geoffrey. Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson. New York: Knopf, 2004.

 Weaver, John D. The Brownsville Raid. New York: Norton, 1970.

 Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

 West, Thomas R. and James W. Mooney, eds. To Redeem a Nation: A History and Anthology of the Civil Rights Movement. Maplecrest, NY: Brandywine Press, 1993.

 Wexler, Laura. Fire in a Canebrake: The Last Mass Lynching in America. New York: Scribner’s, 2003.

 White, Deborah Gray. Ain't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: W. W. Norton, 1985.

 White, Walter Francis. Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch. South Bend: Notre Dame, 2002.

Wiencek, Henry. The Hairstons: An American Family in Black and White. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999.

 Wierner, Jonathan M. Social Origins of the New South: Alabama, 1860-1885.  Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978.

 Williams, Gregory Howard. Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who discovered that He was Black. New York: Dutton, 1995.

 Williams, Yohuru. Black Politics/White Power: Civil Rights, Black Power, and the Black Panthers in New Haven. Maplecrest, NY: Brandywine Press, 2000.

 Williamson, Joel. The Crucible of Race; Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation. New York: Oxford, 1984.

        . New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States. New York: Free Press, 1980.

        . After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861-1877. New York:  Norton, 1965.

        . A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South Since Emancipation. New York: Oxford, 1986.

 Wintz, Gary D., ed. The Harlem Renaissance: A History and an Anthology. Maplecrest, NY: Brandywine Press, 2003.

 Whitfield, Stephen J. A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till. New York: Free Press, 1988.

 Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford, 1966.

        .  The Burden of Southern History. New York: Oxford, 1960.

        .  Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel. New York: Oxford, 1938.

 Wright, Gavin. Old South New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1986.

Wright, Richard. Black Boy (American Hunger). New York: HarperCollins, 1944.

       . Native Son (How “Bigger” was Born). New York: HarperCollings, 1940.

Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South. New York: Oxford, 1982.

 X, Malcolm. The Autobiography of Malcolm X as Told to Alex Haley. New York: Ballantine, 1964.

 Youth of the Rural Organizing and Cultural Center. Minds Stayed on Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle in the Rural South: An Oral History. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.

As of 28 September 2004