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Updated as of 2 October 05
Today in History:
On October 2, 1780, Major John
Andrι, a British spy associated with Benedict Arnold, was
executed on this day in history.
Quote of the Day:
"In my view we are much worse
off now than when we went into Iraq. This is not a partisan position. I voted
for these guys."
A senior figure at a
military-sponsored think tank as told to James Fallows in "Bush's Lost Year" in
The Atlantic Monthly (Oct. 2004)
Was the 2004 Election Stolen?
Take the Ann Coulter
Quiz
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"History
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Reds,
Fascists, and the Coming of World War II: Espionage in
the Inter-War
Years
Dictators and Demagogues
Summer 2003
The Status of Intelligence
Communities
After World War I
Intelligence
organizations were not reduced on the same scale as the armed forces.
The Americans had an
intelligence operation 25 times larger than before 1916.
The Germans
developed numerous agencies to protect the state.
Interception and
Decryption reached a higher level of readiness after the Great War.
Lord Curzon
considered cryptology: without exception the cheapest and most reliable form of
secret service.
Lenins Spies I
The Bolsheviks realized that
they were surrounded by potential enemies.
In order to protect the state,
the Cheka was organized -- All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating
Counterrevolution, Sabotage, and Speculation.
The Chief of the Cheka was a
Pole, Felix Dzerzhinsky who had very little, if any, human compassion.
Lenins Spies II
By 1918, the Cheka was waging an
aggressive war in the rear against the Whites and foreign interventionists.
The Cheka managed to break up a
conspiracy in Moscow to topple the regime.
Not only did the Cheka play a
key role in the Red Terror, but now was engaged in foreign intelligence too.
Background to the Trust
Dzershinsky organized a foreign intelligence
branch to collect on foreign governments and anti-Soviet ιmigrι organizations.
The Soviets wanted Reilly and Boris Savinkov, an
old SR responsible for the assassinations of numerous Tsarist officials.
To accomplish this task, the Soviets sent a
representative to Warsaw to meet Savinkov with materials on the Soviet border
troops.
The objective was to protect the Soviet State
The Trust
Savinkov believed the courier
and recruited him. The CIA, which studied the case, believes that the courier
was a plant.
Savinkov went to Moscow
believing he was meeting with the anti-Bolshevik underground. Instead, he was
arrested tried and died/murdered while in prison.
The same occurred with Reilly.
He entered the country via Finland and then was captured, interrogated, and
executed by the Cheka.
Impact of the Trust
Protected the Soviet State at the most
vulnerable period.
Made the Soviet Intelligence Service one of the
most effective in Europe.
Spread its tentacles well beyond the borders of
the Soviet Union.
Later, the NKVD/KGB would attempt to carry out
similar operations against the West in the early Cold War.
The Origins of the American
Black Chamber
After the war, the Americans
moved their signals intelligence unit from Army control to civilian control.
This organization was headed by
Herbert Yardley.
Yardley worked as telegraph
operator at the State Department and in 1916 warned of the poor state of
American codes.
During World War I, he headed
the MI-8, the Cipher Bureau.
MI-8s greatest success was the
capture of Lothar Witzke, a central figure in the Black Tom explosion.
Wilson even took MI-8 to Paris
during the peace negotiations.
Enter Herbert Yardley
After the war, State and the War
Department ran the Black Chamber and used New York City as their base of
operations.
The principal target of the
Black Chamber was Germany and Spain.
Then in 1920 the Black Chamber
shifted to Japan -- the main target until the end of World War II.
The Black Chamber and The
Washington
Naval Conference
Within five months, Yardley and his codebreakers
broke the first Japanese Code [named JA -- J for Japanese, A for first code]
The Black Chamber managed to break most of
Japans secret codes by the time of the Washington Conference.
The success of the Black Chamber allowed
American diplomats to push the Japanese to the limit, since they knew how far
Tokyo was willing to go with naval reductions.
The Black Chamber also broke the French codes
too.
The Fall of Yardley and the
Black Chamber
But even despite the success of
the Black Chamber, the organization had their funds cut to 25,000 per year by
the Hoover Administration.
Then came the coup de grace --
the new Secretary of State Henry Stimson claimed: Gentlemen do not read each
others mail.
Electrically
Wired Rotors
Most post-World War I cipher
machines came from the design of the American Edward Hebern.
Wired motor machines multiplied
in the 1920s.
The leaders were Hugo Koch
(Dutch), Arthur Scherbius (Germany), and Willi
Korn.
Coming of Enigma
All these men played a key role
in the development of the ENIGMA machine in Nazi Germany.
The Japanese Enigma machine was
called the Green Machine and was far from secure.
The American machine was
M-134-C/SIGMA used by the US Army and ECM by the Navy. Apparently, the American
machines were never compromised by the Axis during the war.
How The Rotor System Worked
Input Contact
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Output Contact
K
O
G
N
J
U
P
The Enigma Machine
In the early 1920, Arthur
Scherbius developed a rotor machine the size of a cash register.
The machine was portable and he
named it ENIGMA.
It enciphered messages by the
use of the electrically wired rotor system.
Scherbius wanted to establish a
corporation to sell the device, but war-wary Germany was not ready for such a
new company
The Application of Enigma in the
Field
The coming of Hitler would
change that.
The ENIGMA machine provided the
necessary security for Blitzkrieg military operations.
The Germans believed that the
system was unbreakable.
They were wrong.
The only unbreakable code is the
one-time pad system.
Breaking of Enigma
The Poles made the first inroads
and may have done so without a computer.
As war appeared, Polish
intelligence gave copies of what they had done to the British and French.
The British made the best use of
it at Bletchely Park
A Future Japanese-American War
The Democrat Party had traditionally been the
party of a small navy.
But that all changed in 1916 -- When Woodrow
Wilson promised to build a Navy Second to None.
The 1920s started with a Republican effort to
reduce the fleet and US commitments in the Pacific.
After World War I, Japan became the number one
enemy of the United States.
Planning for War with Japan
The War Plan the navy developed to defeat Japan
was called ORANGE.
Naval War Planners realized that the Philippines
were particularly vulnerable to a Japanese attack.
Likewise, the Japanese Military gained further
ascendancy in Tokyo.
To defeat Japan, the United States needed Island
bases in the Pacific.
The United States needed intelligence and needed
it badly.
An Orange War is considered the
most probable. It is by far the most difficult for the Navy. It will require the
greatest maritime war effort yet made by any nation.
Commander R. B. Coffey, USN
Source: Russell F. Weigley
The American War of War: A History of United
States Military Strategy and Policy,
242
The Marine Corps Looks for
Bases in the Pacific
Ca. 1919, Major Earl H. Ellis
discussed the importance of gaining bases and capturing Japanese islands in the
Pacific for US naval facilities in an ORANGE WAR.
Ellis went further and advocated
and idea advanced in 1906 by Major Dion Williams that the USMC should be the
force that captures islands and bases for the Navy.
These ideas were not
fashionable, particularly after the British disaster at Gallipoli during the
Great War.
In 1921, Ellis studied how to
defeat Japan by capturing and securing island bases in the Central Pacific and
the Commandant of the USMC agreed.
Then Ellis died under sinister
circumstances while on the Japanese held island of Palau in 1923.
Hector Bywater (1884-1940)
English by birth and a
journalist by profession.
Wrote for the New York
Herald/Baltimore Sun on military matters.
During the Great War, he worked
for Mansfield Cummings, but only knew him as C.
He was sent to Hoboken, NJ to
infiltrate the German American community.
After the war, he left MI6 and
devoted the rest of his career to journalism.
The Great Pacific War
He now focused on naval matters
and the possible struggle in the Pacific with Japan.
In 1925, he wrote the Great
Pacific War, where he notes the Japanese will capture Guam and the Philippines.
But did not anticipate Pearl Harbor.
It seems that Yamamoto read this
book too and had a discussion with Bywater in 1934
Maj. Gen. Kenji Doihara
(1883-1948)
He was Japans most important
intelligence officer in Manchuria.
The Western Press referred to
him as The Lawrence of Manchuria.
John Gunther wrote that
Doiharas job was to create trouble and then smooth it over to the advantage of
Japan.
He was an AGENT PROVOCATEUR that
created incidents to Japans advantage -- the best known occurred on Sept. 18,
1931
Doiharas Operation in China
He also created the Tokumu Kikan,
an organization designed to eliminate any organization or movement in China not
friendly to Japan.
Chiang Kai-shek was so concerned
that he executed a number of Chinese generals for being too friendly with
Doihara.
Doihara was tried as a war
criminal and executed in 1948.
Yoshiko Kawashima: The Chinese
Mata Hari
She was one of Doiharas
legendary agents.
She was Chinese-born, who often
disguised herself as a man.
She was said to have encouraged
Henry Pu Yi, to become Doiharas puppet emperor of Manchukuo.
She also delivered Pu Yis
consort from exile in Tientsin to Manchukuo too.
She was arrested in November
1945 by Chinese Counterintelligence officers and executed as a traitor.
The Development of Soviet
Intelligence
Networks in the West
The Depression was a major catalyst for the
Soviets to recruit agents networks.
Many were recruited as a result of the great
depression.
Likewise, they were recruited from the ranks of
the Communist Party.
The party established Marxist Study groups and
from those study groups came the intelligence networks that would serve Moscow
during World War II.
Organization & Recruitment into
Soviet Espionage
Who Was Recruited?
In England, many bright young
men were recruited out of Cambridge for secret work -- They include Kim Philby,
Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, and Anthony Blunt.
The same could be said for CCNY,
where Julius Rosenberg and others were recruited from the ranks of the Young
Communist League.
However, the bulk found their
way into the ranks of New Deal organizations.
Reaching Into The White House
Henry Dexter White -- Assistant Secretary of the
Treasury.
Lauchlin Currie -- Administrative Assistant to
FDR.
Alger Hiss -- State Department Official who
traveled with FDR to Yalta and American Representative to the San Francisco
Conference of the UN.
Laurence Duggan -- Another State Department
official who provided information to the Soviets since the mid-1930s.
And the Possible Others
Some accounts point to Henry
Hopkins.
He does have a code name in
VENONA.
J. Robert Oppenheimer, the
father of the American Atomic Bomb effort was named in 1994.
The jury is still out on him.
German Intelligence Following
1933
How It Happened
It appears that both German and
Soviet Generals didnt trust either of their masters.
Both dictators realized that the
professional officer corps distrusted both men.
Each dictator, Hitler and
Stalin, tried to out deceive the other.
The Background was Set against
Tukhachevsky
He attended the funeral of King George V in
London.
He traveled by way of Berlin.
The Trust network was still operative.
One former Tsarist General, Nikolai V. Skoblin,
then passed a warning to a COMINTERN official of a possible treachery by
Tukhachevsky.
Skoblin also worked for the SD.
Hitlers Special Ops Directed
Against the Soviet High Command
In 1937, Hitler directed Himmler
and his loyal subordinate, Reinhard Heydrich to provide information to the
Soviets that indicated Soviet Generals were cooperating with the Germans.
This would feed Stalins general
paranoia and disrupt the Soviet High Command.
Hitler ordered that the
Wehrmacht be kept in the dark about this operation.
Special SS teams with the
Criminal Police, broke into the Bendlerstrasse and gained access to the files.
The information was then passed
to the Czechs and then to the NKVD.
The result was that the brains
of the Soviet Army was destroyed in one swoop.
The Role of Heydrich
He had SD agents break into the
Abwehr archives and forge Tuckhachevskys name.
He then passed the intell
through the Czechs, especially President Eduard Benes.
The rest is history.
The objective was to decapitate
the Soviet High Command.
The Impact of the Army Purges in
the USSR
35,000 senior Soviet officers
were killed.
Only two Marshals survived
(close friends of Stalin).
Every commander of a military
district shot.
57 out of 85 corps commanders
shot.
110 out of 195 divisional
commanders shot.
220 out of 406 brigade
commanders shot.
What was the Result for the
Stalin?
Poor performance during the Finnish War.
Gave the Germans a sense of invulnerability at
the start of the Russo-German War on June 22, 1941.
All the result of a deception created by
Reinhard Heydrich of the German SD.
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